Nokia Company: Organisation and Profitability

Nokia Company: Organisation and Profitability It all began for Nokia when Fredrik Idestam built a paper mill back in 1865. He built another factory near Nokianvirta River, Finland, the place whose first five words gave the company its name Nokia. Between the years of 1865 and 1967 Nokia was recognized as a vital industrial machine; though further expansion needed a merger with a cable company and another merger with a rubber firm to set up the Nokia Corporation. This was the beginning of the move to electronics production by the company. The mobile phone era for Nokia began in 1981 when the first ever international mobile phone network was built called the Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT). Organizational Structure at Nokia As of October 1, 2009 the organizational structure at Nokia was extremely mobile and flexible. Nokias organizational structure is horizontal and it allows for greater flexibility and speedy communication channels between different departments. The devices unit looks after the development and management of mobile devices portfolio which is targeted at all major consumer segments. The solutions department ensures that it continuously develops solutions whereby ensuring that a particular mobile device has integrated contents and personalized services and the output of these three components results into a leading mobile phone for the end user. The solutions unit works with other departments in close proximity to provide such solutions. The services department creates and designs internet services that enhance the consumer experience when Nokia phone users interact with the web. The main areas where this unit focuses on include messaging, maps, music, and Ovi developer tools. This department also ensures that there is a consistent increase in different services as the market evolves. The other significant department is Markets which acts like a supply chain department for Nokia. The unit is also responsible for sales channels, branding and marketing activities for various products and services. The corporate development department looks for future growth opportunities and it also plans for future strategic actions that will give the company a competitive advantage against competitors. This department also provides operational supports to other core departments such as Devices, Services, Solutions and markets. Nokia Siemens Networks is a joint venture with Siemens and it provides network infrastructure which is both fixed and wireless. This division also provides communications and networks service platforms. Finally, the last major division is NAVTEQ; this unit is a provider of detailed navigational maps and digital map data automobile navigation systems, navigation systems for mobile devices, internet mapping applications and mapping solutions to government and other businesses. NAVTEQ is an important part of Nokias operations since it provides downloadable maps and other content that will enhance the experience of consumers who use Nokias smart phones. Corporate Governance The way authority and responsibility is organized at Nokia it shows that the company is exemplary in its approach towards corporate governance. The companys strategic and significant natured decisions are made by the board. These matters might include strategic guidelines, approval of periodic plans and decisions on major divestments or investments. The company charter, article of association and Finnish Companies Act determine the roles and responsibilities of all directors and executive members. According to the auditors and company information strict guidelines are followed in terms of code of conduct and ethical behavior of each employee. Similarly the company complies with all stock market requirements of the Helsinki stock market, New York and Frankfurt stock exchanges. The company provides all necessary data to authorities at NYSE because the under the rules any firm that complies with its national laws must file any differences that exist between its national laws and the laws to be followed under NYSE. Competitors of Nokia Corporation Nokias direct and major competitors include Motorola Inc, Cisco Systems Inc, Research in Motion, LM Ericsson Telephone Co., and QUALCOMM Inc. The company faces stiff competition in the business oriented mobile phone market from RIMs Blackberry series. Nokias E-series phones are geared to compete with the Blackberry series. Similarly the company faces challenges from Samsung and Motorola in the touch screen phone markets and the latest Android based phones that offer efficient and extremely user friendly interface to consumers. In the navigations and maps market Nokia, like the traditional manufacturers such as Garmin, TomTom, faces tough competition from the Google and Apple partnership that will make the iPhone the ultimate navigation and smart device for this generation. The difference between this navigation process that iPhone will offer is that consumers wouldnt need to download maps for a price or they would not need automotive navigations systems rather they would use their smart phones as navigation devices at very low rates. For the year 2009, Nokias market share remained flat at around 38% in the global handset market after consumers continue to encourage Apples iPhone in favor of the N series that Nokia is offering. Nokia also faces competition from Ericsson mobile phones in the music phones; Sony Ericssons superior voice quality and speaker quality give its phones an edge over Nokias Express music series. Industry Outlook for 2010 The expectations of the company for 2010 are considerably flat in terms of the performance of its various divisions. Overall the mobile device industry is expected to increase by about 10% in 2010 in terms of volume compared to 2009. For the year 2010 Nokia expects its mobile device market share to be flat compared to 2009, a similar sort of expectation also exists for Nokia and Nokia Siemens Networks as the venture sees a minimal increase in euro terms for the mobile and the fixed infrastructure services market. Importance of International Markets to Nokia Corporation In 2009, out of the total sales from the company Europe accounted for 36%, Chinas share was 16%, Middle East Africa 14%, North America 5%, Asia-Pacific 22% and Latin America 7%. As we can see from these numbers that about 59% of sales are coming from the developing world; for a company that began operations from Finland that is an important statistics since most of its revenues are coming from international markets especially from developing countries. The 10 markets from which Nokia generated the highest amounts of sales revenues are listed below in decreasing order; with the highest written first and lowest stated last: China, India, the UK, Germany, the United States, Russia, Indonesia, Spain, Brazil and Italy; when combined these markets provided 52% of the total sales in 2009. It is important to note here that China and India; the fastest growing economies in Asia are leaders for Nokia sales; secondly the list also contains growing markets such as Brazil and Russia. It is important to note here that because Nokias main sales driver is the mobile device market hence there are higher sales potential for Nokia in developing countries. This is because countries such as India and China are experiencing large demand for mobile phones due to the rapid growth and development of infrastructure especially network infrastructure. The rising levels of GDP per capita and income levels of people in the developing world are increasing their ability to purchase mobile phones therefore we could see that in the near future major growth would come from developing economies. Foreign Exchange exposures Faced by Nokia Nokia has businesses all over the world; this global presence means that assets and sales, liabilities and loans taken or completed in different parts of the world may be higher or lower in value when translated into the Euro or any home base currency. Because Nokia owns substantial assets in foreign markets therefore the company has to hedge and protect itself against the potential of currency adjustments in the negative direction. Nokias foreign exchange policy is developed by the treasury department of the company which looks after the interests of the company such that foreign exchange exposure is minimized and shareholder value is maximized. Under the policy; transactions which are considered of material value are hedged against foreign exchange exposures as long as the hedging tool is not uneconomical i.e. the hedging cost is lower or market liquidity is favorable. The company uses derivative financial instruments such as foreign exchange options and forward foreign exchange contracts to manage hedging and reduce the exposure. The group has a policy of not hedging 2-year or beyond forecasted foreign currency cash flows. New Product and Market development Nokia operates in a highly drastic and technologically changing industry; on the consumer side the company also sees the acceptance and increasing demand for more sophisticated products therefore the company has to remain on its toes and come up with new products and services. The recent financial crisis which was coupled with economic downturn as well saw most industries and companies experiencing reduced profits or even losses. If we look at the table above we see that for the period 2004-08 the average RD expenditure as a percentage of sales was around 11%. This explains how important the development of new products and markets are to companies like Nokia. RD expenditure dipped slightly during 2009 by about 1% compared with 2008 figures because of the decline in sales. The reduction in total revenues during the year 2009 was because the brunt of the crisis or the lowest point of the crisis was considered to be the third and fourth quarters of 2009. The major problem faced by Nokia mobile devices sales was the fact that as macroeconomic aggregates plummeted world wide; people were laid off, disposal incomes squeezed and purchasing power declined in some regions because of currency depreciation, all these factors led to the decrease in demand for Nokia phones. Despite these tough circumstances Nokia continued to expand product development and introduced new products in the mobile device markets, new systems and networks from Nokia Siemens Partnership and navigation phones under the NAVTEQ division. Capital Structure and Liabilities Management at Nokia The average basic number of shares during 2009 was 3.705 billion, 2008 was 3.743 billion and 2007 was 3.885 billion. The difference between diluted and basic average number of shares was negligible during all the three years stated above. About 1% of the shares were owned by Nokia Corporation during 2009. There was not much change in the capital structure during the three years apart from a buy-back and cancellation of shares that were owned by the company during 2008 and 2009 respectively. If we closely analyze the net debt to equity ratio for the 5 year period we see that initially in the years 04, 05 06 and even 07 the company had surplus assets over total debt. Though this situation drastically declined during 2008 as the credit crunch forced Nokia to borrow money and bridge the gap between its working capital. This factor eroded the asset base advantage the company was holding for the previous 4 years before 2008. Another important factor was that short-term borrowings rose substantially during 2008. Short-term borrowings increased from 714 million Euros in 2007 to 3,578 million Euros in 2008. The equity ratio represents the amount of assets represented or funded by the equity holders. From the table above we can see that the assets funded through equity has been on a declining run throughout the five year period. This also explains that as years have passed by liabilities have been increasing used as a way of financing assets. Many analysts believe that borrowing is a lesser expensive way of raising funds compared to equity as interest paid reduces effective tax rate; secondly creditors do not have a say in the way management runs the business; thirdly no dividends need to be paid out. On the other hand equity has its own advantages such as no finance costs; in case of bankruptcy the claim of common shareholders is last only after other creditors have been paid out. Overall companies are suggested to find an optimum equity and liability combination by working out the WACC at different levels. 2007 was considered one of the best years in Nokias history not only did the stock do well but the companys other major indicators were in green as well. For instance the return on equity was around 53% during 2007; that is a phenomenal return for shareholders from a company that competes in such a tough competitive environment. The return on equity declined significantly during 2008. As we see from the table that the value declined to 27.5% from 53.9% in 2007. This again explains the difficulty the company faced during 2008 in terms of low sales volumes, depressed prices and difficult financial conditions. Nokia Corporations shares are listed on the following stock markets: NASDAQ OMX, (Helsinki), Frankfurter, and New York Stock Exchange. The company delisted its Swedish Depository Receipts (SDRs) from the Stockholm Stock Exchange. The last day of trading of these SDRs was June 1, 2007. Raising capital and loans from foreign capital markets has a number of benefits and a few disadvantages as well. In terms of the benefits; firstly by listing stocks in a market such as NYSE a company like Nokia gave itself exposure to one of the most valuable and important stock markets in the world. New York is the financial capital of the worlds largest economy and having the ability to raise funds in such a market builds great reputation for a company apart from substantial capital. Similarly the SDR move into the Swedish Stock Market was a strong move as that would have strengthened the capital structure before the delisting. SDRs provide a substantial capital inflow in lieu of a stable and known cost of capital that gives the firms financial cost structure sustainability and consistency. In terms of the disadvantages economic activities in a foreign country might impact the shareholder value of the whole group. Though this cost is offset by the point that todays financial markets are so dependent on each other that market risks are almost similar in virtually all countries and their stock markets. The important thing here is that companies like Nokia must be aware of the trade cycles and the economic cycles of the world and individual markets and there relationship between each other because that will determine the impact of raising capital in foreign markets. Impact on Market Value as a Result of Strategies in Foreign Exchange Risk, Raising Capital and Moving into New Markets Technological firms generally have higher risk attached to their stock prices and market values therefore we expect them to do extremely well when the economy is booming and the company is able to come up with consistent and high quality products. The case of Nokia is no different the company has successfully established itself as one of the most reliable and advanced manufacturer of mobile devices. Steadily over the years Nokia has moved into new markets which have diversified the portfolio of the company hence spreading the risk over different but related markets. Nokias move to enter new markets has been a good way of diversifying business interests in the sense that the company has not only developed new products but it has also moved into new physical markets. Developing new products has its own advantages but moving into new geographical markets can benefit companies from the all important concept of economies of new scale. Going into new markets exposes the company to absolutely new customers hence increasing the total potential customer base of the company. Raising capital in foreign markets also impacts the market value of the company in a positive way. The company, by raising additional capital in new markets, not only increases its ability to spend money on acquisitions, development, and supply-chain but also gives credibility and higher standing to the companys share in the capital markets and makes the company a strong candidate for a better rating from agencies. The above graph is the stock price movement of Nokia stock, listed on NYSE, versus the SP 500 over a five year period. What is evident here is that consistently the Nokia stock has out performed the SP 500 for most of the time period under discussion. In percentage terms the stock has performed extremely well during the later half of 2007 up to mid 2008; even during the tough times of the late 2009 the stock did better than the overall SP index. The above graph is again representative of the fact that the companys stock performed better than most top company stocks during the boom period of 2007. Credit has to be given to the financial managers of the company since there prudent steps ensured a better than average EPS for the company and subsequently even better share price performance. Evaluation of the Firms Finance Managers In terms of hedging and controlling the foreign exchange risk I think the financial managers did a good job by employing a prudent policy of hedging all those cash inflows and outflows which were due within 2 years period. This is a prudent approach; secondly if we look at the table below we see that the company has remained profitable despite the financial and economic crisis that plagued the global markets for the past 2 and a half years. We also see that the company gave dividends in all the last six years under discussion; this also shows consistency and the right mindset of financial managers who rightly understand the need to rollout dividends in order to ensure continuous investments from investors in the near future. The above graph shows that profitability peaked during the 2007 period and steadily declined thereafter this also shows the difficult financial and economic environment that was weathered by the corporate sectors of different economies. The impact of the crises were so great that profits before taxes almost decreased by 50% in 2008 from 2007 profits before taxes.

My Knowledge Positive Replacement Behaviors Essay

Positive replacement behaviors seem simple enough to understand when breaking down each word. It’s to have the undesired behavior or desired behavior replaced with a positive reinforcement. When doing this you want to try and bring in a replacement behaviors. It is helpful to have a target behavior that is not compatible with its. For example if Roger doesn’t like to have his shoes untied because he has difficulty tying them, make sure to ask his parents or try to obtain shoes that don’t need tying like Velcro. Overall as an educator you want to try and avoid the target behavior and use the replacement behavior as much as possible. What does reinforcement mean? Reinforcement in simple terms is defined as a consequence that follows a behavior. The consequence is used to strengthen the behavior immediately after it has occurred. If you really think about it reinforcement happens all the time in everyday life. Reinforcements happen in a lot of ways outside of the classroom. The reinforcement that first comes to mind for me is doing chores. If I continued to do my chores on a constant basis I would get paid for doing so. Even though this reinforcement isn’t the same it works in a similar way. The main goal for reinforcement is to set a goal or a standard for that person and in the end your get an award for it. There are many different types of reinforcers to help behavior but there are specific types of reinforcers that work for different students. The four reinforcer types are: Natural reinforcers, token reinforcers, social reinforcers, and tangible reinforcers. Natural reinforcers are kind of self-explanatory. For example if Becky Sue stays on task and does her homework, then she will get good grades. Token reinforcers are usually given when a student is executing actions that the teacher has suggested, when given these tokens they can be exchanged for something of value. Social  reinforcers are similar to verbal praise or specific approval of behavior. For example Bobby gets his English paper back and his teacher writes excellent work! The last reinforcer is tangible reinforcement. Tangibles are used a lot with educators and involve a physical award such as treats, money, or prizes. What is positive and negative reinforcement? Positive Reinforcement is a technique used by professionals and parents to modify their children’s behavior by reinforcing desired behaviors. Positive reinforcement can be used as a reward. Educators are well known for using reinforcement in education. â€Å"When you need to help your children learn new behaviors, increase behaviors you desire and reduce undesirable behaviors, your chances for success will increase if you use positive reinforcement† (Butler, 2010). This term is familiar throughout society and is used as a great method for behavior modification. Sometimes people think positive reinforcement is only used for the students that struggle with undesired behaviors but it also there for students that continue to their good behaviors. Negative reinforcement involves strengthening a behavior through the removal or avoiding of negative outcomes. This reinforcement is confused with being negative and used as punishment, when it is not. Negative reinforcement is used in hoped that the behavior will not reoccur. As you can see punishment and negative reinforcement are used in two different ways as one is in hope that it won’t occur again and the other is in hopes of decreasing the behavior. How would you use positive reinforcement in the classroom environment? When I think of a positive reinforcement I think of positive things throughout your classroom and the day. First I would start the day off by greeting my students as they come into the classroom. If I see a few students sitting quietly putting their stuff away and sitting on task I would use verbal praise by saying, thank you for coming in and doing what you need to do in the start of class. A lot of my reinforcements would be verbal and specific to their behaviors and the individuals. When using my verbal praise I would make sure to use a loud but pleasant voice to make it known to that student. Even though it’s great to use individual reinforcements I think it is also crucial for students to have positive  reinforcement as a group. For example if every student gets there homework done in class or close to done they the class receives a smiley face. If the class receives 10 smiley faces they will get a pizza party. Sometimes this is hard to obtain from the whole class but once they do it is great because the class earned this a whole. My plan that including goals and objectives for a student with an emotional disabilities My plan that including goals and objectives for a student with an emotional disabilities Emotional disabilities can be fragile to work with. When working with students that have disabilities like these I would first and foremost be patient with the student. The Article Emotional or Behavioral Disorders Defined states â€Å"Emotional or behavioral disorders can be divided into three groups that are characterized by externalizing behavior, Internalizing behaviors, and low incidence disorders† (Smith, 2007). By looking over these three categories there is a difference between the three. I would try and figure out the students that fell into each group. For goals I would try to make sure that they were measu rable for the students. From the beginning of figuring out their emotion disability I would set up specific goals and objectives for each student to follow. Each student is different so this would be done on an individual basis. When including goals I think it’s great to develop short and long term goals for students. The plan that is developed could have a reward system. For example for every 30 minutes the student doesn’t disrupt the class or have and outburst they will get a check, if the student obtains 10 then they get to do something of their chose like read for 15 minutes or have 10 minutes computer time. After a period of time like two months or every semester/quarter I would evaluate the plans and goals that I have set. I would ask myself, is this effective for the student? Have I seen an emotional change, and if not I might have to reevaluate what is working and what is not. Overall with positive replacement behaviors you want to make sure they are obtainable for the student to achieve. With great planning and getting to know the student it can happen. Reference John Wheeler & Dean Richey. (2010).Behavior management. Retrieved from http//gcumedia.com/digital-resources/pearson/2009/behavior-management_principles-and-practices-of-positive-behavior-supports_ebook_2e.php Butler, A. (2010). Behavior modification through positive reinforcement. Retrieved from http://www.livestrong.com/article/139880-behavior-modification-through-positive-reinforcement/ Smith, D. D. (2007). Emotional or behavioral disorders defined. Retrieved from http://www.education.com/reference/article/emotional-behavioral-disorders-defined/

I Am An International Student - 945 Words

A language learning process does not only include learning communication skills but learning about others and yourself. It is about understanding the culture in depth and accepting the diversity of the world. The ‘Asia Languages (Japanese) In-Country Course’ offers a great learning experience for developing Japanese language skills in context. My family has always been interested in travelling. Since I was five, we have been travelling to Japan, Vietnam, Philippines and China and explored different cultures. These experiences allowed me to have a particular interest in English and Japanese languages, which led me to study at a language specialist school in Korea, majoring in English and minoring in Japanese. This inspired me to consider using different languages as well as becoming a cultural bridge as a significant part of my future career. I am an international student from South Korea studying Bachelor of Education (Primary and Middle) at the University of South Australia. After completing the high school education in Australia, I have decided to pursue my education in Australia to become the best teacher I can be to make a genuine difference to students’ lives. I am currently studying Japanese as my minor and hope to teach both Japanese and EAL (English as an Additional Language) in the future. As a future educator, I would like to return the support I have received from the teachers to my students, especially students from diverse backgrounds. I believe going throughShow MoreRelatedI Am An International Student994 Words   |  4 PagesTianyu wang 1/28/2016 Journal 1 I am an international student , I come from China, when I study the English this language, I noticed that there are a lot of words for example, fisherman, bossy, feisty and emotional. Feisty means to describe she is full of energy but with the implication thatof she is aggressive. Why isn’t there is not other kinds of words to describe men? I am not a feminist. 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Revenge Survey - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1084 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2019/04/02 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Revenge Essay Did you like this example? Two years ago, on a Tuesday a little girls body has been found by a couple, walking around 3:30 p.m. They found her helpless little body laying on the ground under leaves and branches. Very easy to spot. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Revenge Survey" essay for you Create order She wasnt breathing. Her clothes were ripped almost naked. She had lots of bruises and wounds on her arms and stomach. She had a very big wound on her head with lots of blood. The couple shocked and terrified quickly called the paramedics and police. Hurry, Hurry weve found a little girl! She doesnt seem to be alive, I dont know please hurry! yelled the lady. Were on our way give us the address. said the dispatcher. Were in Whittemore Gulch and Purisima Creek Loop trail, please come hurry! yelled the lady. In less than 40 minutes, the paramedics have arrived at the scene, so have the police. They quickly get in action and ask the couple a few questions. The paramedics closely make observations and take photos of the scene. Two days later, the body has been identified. Her name is Holly Amundson, age 6. This has been the girl who has been missing for 2 days. They have found the girls parents, who were full of hope on her search. They met up with the parents to tell them the depressing and downhearted news. This isnt fair at all, she never deserved this, she was a good girl only six with lots of big dreams! She has wonderful life ahead of her and all that got taken away of her! yelled the mother, Darla. Whos responsible for this, you know whos responsible for this! said furiously the farther, Aaron. Im so sorry, we are currently doing anything and everything to find who is responsible for this. said the police. The police have left. Darla and Aaron are still furious and sad about the news. Darla called her dad, Gus to tell him the heartbreaking news. It was a depressing day. They felt helpless and hopeless. They couldnt do nothing for her. Nothing. Gus decided to take action and starts his searching. Two years later, the culprit has been found. Michel Shaw. It has been two years since Hollys death..my, it has been hard, but now.. Gus said. It has and has been even harder for me..my Holly, my daughter is gone said Darla. Gus gets his box of tools. Well, darling. Its time. Set up the other table and make it seem real. Let me just get this done. Have a little fun. Weve been waiting for this. Gus said. Okay father, I will and have lots of fun.. said Darla. Gus happily walks off with his tools. He places them on a wooden table. He slowly takes out his tools and places them carefully in order. The patient has a hard time screaming when the tape is onto his mouth. Gus is annoyed. He turns on the radio to his favorite station, classical music. He first gets a thick big needle along with a thick thread. This will do.. Gus walks up to the operating table. Gus rips the tape of his mouth and looks at him with no remorse. PLeAse STop! Gus quickly grabbed his lips and put a needle through his upper lip. He quickly sews it shut and hard. Gus doesnt say anything. He walks back to where his tools are and gets a hammer and nails. He walks up to him with his hammer and nails, he still does not feel guilt nor feel sorry for him. Gus beings to nail his checks. On to his forehead he goes. The patient crying, groans of pain, trying so hard to move. Gus smirks. He gets the bolt cutters. He starts to take out his eyeball and replaces it with a Barbies head. His screams fade away, he has passed out at this point for to much pain and screaming. The patient is a white male in his late 30s, currently unconscious and breathing just fine. He wakes up. He cant move, but looks around confused. He still has all the wounds that Gus had made. A doctor and a nurse have walked in. The doctor takes a good close look at him. Should I call a anesthesiologist? said the nurse. Im afraid not. Morphine? Not enough time.. Terribly sorry, Mr. Shaw I cant give you any anesthesia or pain relief at this time. You might get into a coma from which you wont be able to return. The doctor said. Scissors. The nurse hands him some scissors. He carefully starts cutting off the thread that has been sewed onto his mouth. Mmmm. He groans in pain. The doctor has successfully cut off the thick thread. The nurse stares without being disgusted and sorry. Mphm. The patient is breathing hard and tries to open his mouth. Thank youmphm..thank you.. The doctor carefully wipes on his lips to clean out the blood. Bite down on this. The nurse inserts a small little sponge for him to bite on to drain out some blood. The doctor pulls out forceps. He starts taking out the nails one by one. The patient is groaning in pain. Almost done, Im going fast as I can. He cleans off the blood. Curved forceps please. The nurse hands him the forceps and removes the little sponge out his mouth. The patient breathing hard said ,He wa- didnt want to stop mphm he did so much to me, he just would not stop. The nurse incerts another little sponge to his mouth. Its ok Mr. Shaw, youre with us now. Now hold still. The doctor carefully removes the bandage off his right eye. He just goes right in his eye and gets out a Barbies head. More bandage please. The nurse hands him some more pads and he carefully places them on his eye. Thank you doctor..I thought i was going to die.thank god..this is all over.. He opens his eyes in shock. It isnt over we were just getting started. smiling said Gus. The Doctor unmasks himself. He looks around, at the nurse, the doctor and at Gus. The patient breathes heavily. Mollys favorite.. said Aaron the father of Molly. Gus puts his hand on the patients mouth, he is unable to breathe. You might want to close the door Darlaits getting a bit noisy. said Gus. Ok fatherhe doesnt deserve it.. said Darla. Of course he doesnt. said Darlas husband, Aaron.